Play ZX Spectrum games. Apr 23, 2012. Visit the ZX Spectrum Games site and you’ll be able to play dozens of different Spectrum games from through the ages.

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An issue 2 1982 ZX Spectrum Developer Manufacturer Type Generation Release date United Kingdom: 23 April 1982; 35 years ago ( 1982-04-23) Retail availability 1982–1992 Discontinued 1992 Units sold 5 million (not including clones) Media, on Spectrum +3 @ 3.5 MHz and equivalent Memory 16 / 48 KB / 128 KB Predecessor Successor The ZX Spectrum (: ) is an personal released in the United Kingdom in 1982. Referred to during development as the ZX81 Colour and ZX82, it was launched as the ZX Spectrum by Sinclair to highlight the machine's colour display, compared with the of its predecessor, the. The Spectrum was released as eight different models, ranging from the entry level with 16 RAM released in 1982 to the ZX Spectrum +3 with 128 KB RAM and built in drive in 1987; together they sold over 5 million units worldwide (not counting ).

The Spectrum was among the first mainstream-audience home computers in the UK, similar in significance to the in the USA. The introduction of the ZX Spectrum led to a boom in companies producing and for the machine, the effects of which are still seen.

Some credit it as the machine which launched the UK IT industry. Licensing deals and clones followed, and earned a knighthood for 'services to British industry'. The Commodore 64, and, and later the range were rivals to the Spectrum in the UK market during the early 1980s. Over since the Spectrum's launch and new titles continue to be released long after the system was discontinued in 1992—over 100 in 2012.

ZX Spectrum 48K motherboard (Issue 3B — 1983, heat sink removed) The Spectrum is based on a A running at 3.5 (or clone). The original model has 16 KB (16×1024 ) of and either 16 KB or 48 KB of. Hardware design was by of Sinclair Research, and the outward appearance was designed by Sinclair's industrial designer. Video output is through an and was designed for use with contemporary sets, for a simple colour graphic display. Text can be displayed using 32 columns × 24 rows of characters from the or from a set provided within an application, from a palette of 15 shades: seven colours at two levels of brightness each, plus black. The is 256×192 with the same colour limitations.

To conserve memory, colour is stored separate from the pixel in a low resolution, 32×24 grid overlay, corresponding to the character cells. In practice, this means that all pixels of an 8x8 character block share one and one. Altwasser received a for this design. An 'attribute' consists of a foreground and a background colour, a brightness level (normal or bright) and a flashing 'flag' which, when set, causes the two colours to swap at regular intervals. This scheme leads to what was dubbed colour clash or, where a desired colour of a specific pixel could not necessarily be selected. This became a distinctive feature of the Spectrum, meaning programs, particularly games, had to be designed around this limitation. Other machines available around the same time, for example the or the, did not suffer from this limitation.

The Commodore 64 used colour attributes in a similar way, but a special, hardware and were used to avoid. Sound output is through a beeper on the machine itself, capable of producing one channel with 10 octaves.

Was later available that could play two channel sound. The machine includes an and 3.5 mm audio in/out ports for the connection of a for loading and saving programs and data. The 'ear' port can drive headphones and the 'mic' port provides audio out which could be amplified.

It was manufactured in, Scotland, in the now closed factory. Firmware The machine's interpreter is stored in ROM (along with fundamental system-routines) and was written by on contract from Nine Tiles Ltd.

The Spectrum's (on top of a membrane, similar to calculator keys) is marked with BASIC keywords. For example, pressing 'G' when in programming mode would insert the BASIC command. The BASIC interpreter was developed from that used on the and a ZX81 BASIC program can be typed into a Spectrum largely unmodified, but Spectrum BASIC included many extra features making it easier to use. The was expanded from that of the ZX81, which did not feature lower-case letters. Spectrum BASIC included extra keywords for the more advanced display and sound, and supported multi-statement lines.

PSP Vintage Warmer also incorporates professional VU and PPM metering together with accurate overload indicators thereby assuring professional quality results. This makes it an essential tool for mixing and mastering engineers. The plug-in processor is highly flexible and can be used for both softknee compression and brick-wall limiting. Psp audioware. Careful attention has been paid to PSP Vintage Warmer's overload characteristics with the processor being capable of generating saturation effects typical of analog tape recorders.

The cassette interface was much more advanced, saving and loading around five times faster than the ZX81 (1500 bits per second compared to 307), and unlike the ZX81, the Spectrum could maintain the TV display during tape storage and retrieval operations. As well as being able to save programs, the Spectrum could save the contents of arrays, the contents of the screen memory, and the contents of any defined range of memory addresses.

Sinclair Research models Pre-production designs Rick Dickinson came up with a number of designs for the 'ZX82' project before the final ZX Spectrum design. A number of the keyboard legends changed during the design phase including ARC becoming CIRCLE, FORE becoming INK and BACK becoming PAPER. The Spectrum reused a number of design elements of the ZX81: The ROM code for things such as calculations and were very similar (with a few obsolete ZX81 routines left in the Spectrum ROM). The simple keyboard decoding and cassette interfaces were nearly identical (although the latter was now programmed to load/save at a higher speed). The central was somewhat similar although it implemented the major enhancement over the ZX81: A (fully) hardware based television raster generator (with colour) that indirectly gave the new machine approximately four times as much processing power as the ZX81, simply due to the Z80 now being released from this video generation task.

A bug in the ULA as originally designed meant that the keyboard did not always scan correctly, and was rectified by a 'dead cockroach' (a small mounted upside down next to the CPU) for Issue 1 ZX Spectrums. ZX Spectrum 16K/48K. ZX Spectrum 16K/48K (Dimensions (mm): 233×144×30 (W×H×D) @ 552 grams). The original ZX Spectrum is remembered for its, diminutive size and distinctive rainbow motif.

It was originally released on 23 April 1982 with 16 KB of RAM for £125 or with 48 KB for £175; these prices were later reduced to £99 and £129 respectively. Owners of the 16 KB model could purchase an internal 32 KB RAM upgrade, which for early 'Issue 1' machines consisted of a. Later issue machines required the fitting of 8 chips and a few chips. Users could mail their 16K Spectrums to Sinclair to be upgraded to 48 KB versions. Later revisions contained 64 KB of memory but were configured such that only 48 KB were usable. External 32 KB RAM packs that mounted in the rear expansion slot were available from third parties. Both machines had 16 KB of onboard ROM.

About 60,000 'Issue 1' ZX Spectrums were manufactured; they can be distinguished from later models by the colour of the keys (light grey for Issue 1, blue-grey for later models). The Sinclair models featured audio line in and out, in the form of an 'ear' and 'mic' socket. An external tape recorder was needed to load the majority of software released, or the.

Either socket could be connected to headphones or an amplifier as an audio output, although this would not disable the internal speaker. ZX Spectrum+ (Dimensions (mm): 319×149×38 (W×H×D)) Planning of the ZX Spectrum+ started in June 1984, and it was released in October the same year. This 48 KB Spectrum (development code-name TB ) introduced a new -style case with an injection-moulded keyboard and a reset button that was basically a switch that shorted across the CPU reset capacitor. Electronically, it was identical to the previous 48 KB model. It was possible to change the system boards between the original case and the Spectrum+ case. It retailed for £179.95. A conversion-kit for older machines was available.

Early on, the machine outsold the rubber-key model 2:1; however, some retailers reported a failure rate of up to 30%, compared with a more usual 5–6% for the older model. ZX Spectrum +2 The ZX Spectrum +2 was 's first Spectrum, coming shortly after their in 1986. The machine featured an all-new grey case featuring a spring-loaded keyboard, dual joystick ports, and a built-in cassette recorder dubbed the 'Datacorder' (like the ), but was in most respects identical to the ZX Spectrum 128. The main menu screen lacked the Spectrum 128's 'Tape Test' option, and the ROM was altered to account for a new 1986 Amstrad copyright message.

These changes resulted in minor incompatibility problems with software that accessed ROM routines at certain addresses. Production costs had been reduced and the retail price dropped to £139–£149. The new keyboard did not include the BASIC keyword markings that were found on earlier Spectrums, except for the keywords LOAD, CODE and RUN which were useful for loading software. This was not a major issue, as the +2 boasted a menu system, almost identical to the ZX Spectrum 128, where one could switch between 48K BASIC programming with the keywords, and 128K BASIC programming in which all words (keywords and otherwise) must be typed out in full (although the keywords are still stored internally as one character each).

Despite these changes, the layout remained identical to that of the 128. The ZX Spectrum +2 power supply was a grey version of the ZX Spectrum+ and 128 power supply. ZX Spectrum +2A The ZX Spectrum +2A was a variant of the Spectrum +3, also released in 1987, and housed inside a black case. The Spectrum +2A/+3 motherboard (AMSTRAD part number Z70830) was designed such that it could be assembled without the or associated logic and a +2 style 'datacorder' connected. Originally, Amstrad planned to introduce an additional disk interface for the +2A/+2B called the AMSTRAD SI-1, but it never appeared.

If an external disk drive was added, the '+2A' on the system OS menu would change to a +3. The power supply of the ZX Spectrum +2A used the same as the +3. The power supply purchased with the +2A/B had 'Sinclair +2' written on the case. ZX Spectrum +3 The ZX Spectrum +3, released in 1987, looked similar to the +2A but featured a built-in 3-inch drive (like the Amstrad CPC 6128) instead of the tape drive, and was in a black case. It was launched in 1987, initially retailed for £249 and then later £199 and was the only Spectrum capable of running the operating system without additional hardware.

The +3 saw the addition of two more 16 KB ROMs. One was home to the second part of the reorganised 128 ROM and the other hosted the +3's disk operating system. This was a modified version of Amstrad's (the disk access code used in ), called +3DOS. These two new 16 KB ROMs and the original two 16 KB ROMs were now physically implemented together as two 32 KB chips. To be able to run CP/M, which requires RAM at the bottom of the address space, the bank-switching was further improved, allowing the ROM to be paged out for another 16 KB of RAM. Such core changes brought incompatibilities:. Removal of several lines on the expansion bus edge connector (video, power, and IORQGE); caused many external devices problems; some such as the VTX5000 modem could be used via the 'FixIt' device.

Dividing ROMCS into 2 lines, to disable both ROMs. Reading a non-existent I/O port no longer returned the last attribute; caused certain games such as to be unplayable. Memory timing changes; certain RAM banks were now contended causing high-speed colour-changing effects to fail. The keypad scanning routines from the ROM were removed. move 1 byte address in ROM Some older 48K and 128K games were incompatible with the machine. The ZX Interface 1 was incompatible due to differences in ROM and expansion connector, making it impossible to connect and use the Microdrive units.

There was a regression in sound quality from the previous 128K models – an error with a resistor placement meant sound was distorted. The ZX Spectrum +3 power supply provides the same voltages as the one supplied with +2A/B. This power supply has the same DIN connector so can be used with the +2A/B. The power supply purchased with the +3 had 'Sinclair +3' written on the case.

Production of the +3 ceased in December 1990, believed to be in response for Amstrad relaunching their CPC range. At the time, it was estimated about 15% of ZX Spectrums sold had been +3 models. Production of the +2B (the only other model then still in production) continued, as it was believed not to be in competition with other computers in Amstrad's product range.

It was discontinued in 1992. ZX Spectrum +2B and +3B The ZX Spectrum +2B and ZX Spectrum +3B were functionally similar in design to the Spectrum +2A and +3. The main electronic differences being changes to the generation of the audio output signal to resolve problems with.

Unlike the +2A and +3, the Spectrum +2B and +3B do not share a common motherboard. The +2B board (AMSTRAD part number Z70833) has no provision for floppy disk controller circuitry and the +3B motherboard (Amstrad part number Z70835) has no provision for connecting an internal tape drive. Sinclair licensed the Spectrum design to in the United States.

An enhanced version with better sound, graphics and other modifications was marketed in the USA by Timex as the. Timex's derivatives were largely incompatible with Sinclair systems. Some of the Timex innovations were later adopted by Sinclair Research. A case in point was the abortive Pandora portable Spectrum, whose had the high resolution video mode pioneered in the TS2068. Pandora had a flat-screen monitor and Microdrives and was intended to be Sinclair's business portable. After bought the computer business of Sinclair Research, Sir Clive retained the rights to the Pandora project, and it evolved into the, launched in 1987. Starting in 1984, developed and produced several branded computers, including the, highly compatible with the Sinclair ZX Spectrum 48K, which was very successful in both Portugal and Poland.

An NTSC version was also made, initially intended for a United States release, but it was sold only in Chile and Argentina. Timex of Portugal also made a PAL version of the TS2068, called the (or TC2068 for short) which had different buffers for both the ULA and the CPU, which significantly increased the compatibility with ZX Spectrum software when compared to the North American model (the TS2068). The expansion port was also modified and made to be 100% compatible with the ZX Spectrum's, which bypassed the need for a 'Twister Board' expansion that the TS2068 needed in order to make it compatibile with ZX Spectrum expansion hardware. It also had the AY sound output routed to the monitor/TV speakers instead of the internal twitter. The software developed for the TC2068 is completely compatible with the TS2068, since the ROMs weren't altered. Timex of Portugal also developed a ZX Spectrum 'emulator' on cartridge form that mapped the first 16kB exactly like the earlier TC2048 computer did.

Several other upgrades were made available, including a BASIC64 cartridge that enabled the TC2068 to use high resolution (512x192) modes. Despite having an AY-3-8912 sound chip, it's not connected in the same ports as in the ZX Spectrum 128K, rendering the TC2084 incompatible with the AY sound that the Spectrum 128K games produced. Due to all its advantages compared to the usual TS2068, a North American company, Zebra Systems, licensed the Timex TC2068 and sold it in the United States as the Zebra Silver Avenger. They also sold the as the Zebra FDD 3000 in a silver case (as opposed to the European black cases) to match their colour scheme. Timex of Portugal was working on a successor to the TC2068 called the, using a Z80A CPU and featuring 256kB of RAM, which would feature a ZX Spectrum BASIC operating mode and a operating mode, but the company pulled the plug on its development since that by the end of 1989, the 8bit market was no longer profitable. Only one complete and fully working prototype of the TC3256 was made.

In India, Decibells Electronics introduced a licensed version of the Spectrum+ in 1986. Dubbed the 'db Spectrum+', it did reasonably well in the Indian market and sold many units until 1990, when the market died away.

The and its planned follow-up, the are modern redesigns of the ZX Spectrum in the form of a and a respectively. Unofficial clones Numerous were produced, especially in the Eastern and Middle European countries (e.g. In, and the ) where several models were produced (such as the Tim-S, HC85, HC91, Cobra, Junior, CIP, CIP 3, Jet), some featuring and a 5.25'/3.5'. There were also clones produced in South America (e.g. Microdigital and, made in ). In the, ZX Spectrum clones were assembled by thousands of small start-ups and distributed through poster ads and street stalls.

Over 50 such clone models existed. Some of them are still being produced, such as the and.

In the UK, Spectrum peripheral vendor (MGT) released the as a potential successor with some Spectrum compatibility. By this point, the and had taken hold of the market, leaving MGT in eventual receivership.

Peripherals Several peripherals were marketed by Sinclair: the was already on the market, as the ZX Spectrum expansion was partially with that of the ZX81. The add-on module included 8 KB of ROM, an serial port, a proprietary interface (called ZX Net), and an interface for the connection of up to eight – somewhat unreliable but speedy tape-loop cartridge storage devices released in July 1983. These were used in a revised version on the, whose storage format was electrically compatible but logically incompatible with the Spectrum's.

Sinclair also released the which added two joystick ports and a port. There were a plethora of third-party hardware addons. The better known of these included the, the /RS-232 interface, the Microspeech unit (speech synthesis), Digitiser, RAM pack, the SpecDrum, a drum machine, and the, a snapshot and disassembly tool from Romantic Robot.

Keyboards were especially popular in view of the original's notorious 'dead flesh' feel. There were disk drive interfaces, such as the / SPDOS, Abbeydale Designers/ KDOS and Opus Discovery. The SPDOS and KDOS interfaces were the first to come bundled with office productivity software ( Word Processor, Masterfile database and spreadsheet).

This bundle, together with OCP's Stock Control, Finance and Payroll systems, introduced small businesses to a streamlined, computerised operation. The most popular floppy disk systems (except in East Europe) were the and systems released by in 1987 and 1988 respectively. Both systems had the ability to store memory images onto disk snapshots could later be used to restore the Spectrum to its exact previous state. They were both compatible with the Microdrive command syntax, which made porting existing software much simpler. During the mid-1980s, Telemap Group Ltd launched a fee-based service allowing users to connect their ZX Spectrums via a Prism Micro Products VTX5000 to a service known as, hosted by, which provided news and information about microcomputers.

The service allowed a form of and. Software. Main article: As of July 2012, over 24,000 titles had been released for the Spectrum family. While most of these are games, the library includes implementations, (e.g. VU-File ), (e.g. VU-Calc ), drawing and painting tools (e.g.

), and even 3D-modelling (e.g. VU-3D ) and software amongst many other types. The early Spectrum models' great success as a games platform came in spite of its lack of built-in joystick ports, primitive sound generation, and colour support that was optimised for text display: the hardware limitations of the platform required a particular level of creativity from. The ZX Spectrum came bundled with a software starter pack in the form of a cassette tape entitled, which included 8 programs - Thro' the Wall (a Breakout clone), Bubblesort, Evolution (an ecosystem of foxes and rabbits), Life (an implementation of Conway's Game of Life), Draw (a basic object-based drawing utility), Monte Carlo (a simulation of the rolling of two dice), Character Generator (for editing user defined graphics), Beating of Waves (plots the sum of two sine waves). According to the 90th issue of the British gaming magazine, the ten biggest games released were (in descending order) Head Over Heels, Jet Set Willy, Skool Daze, Renegade, R-Type, Knight Lore, Dizzy, The Hobbit, Way Of The Exploding Fist, and Match Day 2. The last full price, commercial game ever to be released for the Spectrum was Alternative Software's Dalek Attack, which was released in July 1993.

Distribution Most Spectrum software was originally distributed on. The Spectrum was intended to work with a normal domestic cassette recorder, and despite differences in audio reproduction fidelity, the software loading process was quite reliable and faster than on competing systems of the time. Although the ZX Microdrive was initially greeted with good reviews, it never took off as a distribution method due to worries about the quality of the cartridges and piracy.

Hence the main use became to complement tape releases, usually utilities and niche products like the Tasword software and Trans Express, (a tape to microdrive copying utility). No games are known to be exclusively released on Microdrive. Although the Interface 2 proved popular, the high cost of ROM cartridges, and the fact that they were limited to 16K in size, meant that very few titles were released in this format. Despite the popularity of the DISCiPLE and +D systems, most software released for them took the form of utility software. The ZX Spectrum +3 enjoyed much more success when it came to commercial software releases on floppy disk.

More than 700 titles were released on 3-inch disk from 1987 to 1997. Software was distributed through print media; and. The reader would, run it, and could save it to tape for later use. Software distributed in this way was in general simpler and slower than its counterparts.

Magazines printed long lists of digits with machine code games or tools. Another software distribution method was to broadcast the audio stream from the cassette on another medium and have users record it onto an audio cassette themselves. In radio or television shows in many European countries, the host would describe a program, instruct the audience to connect a cassette tape recorder to the radio or TV and then broadcast the program over the airwaves in audio format. Some magazines distributed 7' 33⅓ rpm records, a variant of regular which could be played on a standard record player. These disks were known under various trademarked names including ', 'Flexisoft', and 'Discoflex'. Copying and backup.

Spectrum software was distributed on audio cassettes Many copiers—utilities to copy programs from audio tape to another tape, microdrive tapes, and later on diskettes—were available for the Spectrum. As a response to this, publishers introduced measures to their software, including different loading schemes.

Other methods for copy prevention were also used including asking for a particular word from the documentation included with the game—often a such as the —or another physical device distributed with the software—e.g. As used in, or the colour-code chart included with. Special hardware, such as Romantic Robot's, was able to dump a copy of the ZX Spectrum RAM to disk/tape at the press of a button, entirely circumventing the copy protection systems. Most Spectrum software has been converted to current media and is available for download.

One popular program for converting Spectrum files from tape is Taper; it allows connecting a cassette tape player to the port of a, or—through a simple home-built device—to the of a PC. Once in files on a host machine, the software can be executed on an. See also: Community The ZX Spectrum enjoyed a very strong community early on. Several dedicated were released including (1982), (1983), rebranded as in 1986, and (1984).

Early on they were very technically oriented with type-in programs and machine code tutorials. Later on they became almost completely game-oriented. Several general contemporary computer magazines covered the ZX Spectrum in more or less detail.

They included, and. The Spectrum is affectionately known as the Speccy by elements of its fan following. More than 80 electronic existed, many in Russian. Most notable of them were (UK), (Russia), Adventurer (Russia) and (Russia). Notable developers A number of notable games developers began their careers on the ZX Spectrum, including of, and (founders of, formerly, maker of many games for and game consoles). Other prominent games developers include (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (the ), ( ), (; ), ( ), (, ), and. Although the 48K Spectrum's audio hardware was not as capable as chips in other popular 8-bit home computers of the era, computer musicians and produced notable multi-channel music for it.

Ported some of his games to the ZX Spectrum. Reception in January 1983 acknowledged the appeal of the Spectrum's low £125 price to British consumers and called it a 'promising machine'. It criticised the keyboard; 'inexpensive or not, the. Layout is impossible to justify. Poorly designed in several respects'.

The review was skeptical of the computer's appeal to American consumers if sold for US$220—'hardly competitive with comparable low-cost American units'—and expected that Timex would sell it for $125–150. Legacy On 23 April 2012, a honoured the 30th anniversary of the Spectrum. As it coincided with, the logo was of St George fighting a dragon in the style of a Spectrum loading screen. In January 2014, who produced a successful range of software for the original ZX Spectrum in the 1980s, announced plans for a Spectrum-themed keyboard that would attach to mobile devices such as the.

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The company provided a campaign in order to fund the project, which would be compatible with games already released on and. Elite Systems took down its Spectrum Collection application the following month, due to complaints from authors of the original 1980s game software that they had not been paid for the content. Later that year, a £100 Sinclair retro video game console was announced by and crowdfunded on IndieGogo, with the apparent backing of Clive Sinclair as an investor, but without a full keyboard and manufactured in a limited capacity. See also.